How can surface water runoff be minimized in landscape design?

Minimizing surface water runoff is essential in landscape design to promote water absorption, reduce erosion, and manage stormwater effectively. The approach of using permeable paving and creating rain gardens is particularly effective because it allows water to infiltrate into the ground rather than flowing over hard surfaces.

Permeable paving consists of materials that allow water to pass through, such as gravel or specially designed concrete. This type of paving facilitates groundwater recharge and reduces the volume of runoff that enters drainage systems, thus lessening the risk of flooding.

Rain gardens are designed to capture and absorb runoff from impervious surfaces like roofs and driveways. They are shallow depressions planted with native plants that thrive in wet conditions. These gardens slow down the flow of water, allowing it to percolate into the soil. This not only helps in minimizing runoff but also enhances the landscape's aesthetic appeal and supports local biodiversity.

Using solid concrete paths would contribute to increased runoff since they create impermeable surfaces that prevent water absorption. Installing fountains, while they can enhance the visual appeal or auditory experience of a landscape, does not address runoff issues. Lastly, preventing the use of plants contradicts the principles of landscape design aimed at promoting ecological balance and does not help in managing water runoff effectively. Plants